Orion

   All major historical events have direct or indirect economic implications. Especially, according to historic materialism, economic relations between people and the battle between labor and capital, rich and poor, have always been the motor of historical evolution. Yet, among scores of historical issues, there are distinguished facts or periods with an overriding economic character, recognized as such even by the most idealistic schools of thought in social sciences. Not only wars and revolutions but also epidemics, natural disasters or long lasting weather conditions may be some of them. Continuing, from part 1, the examination of history (a period of 2632 years) in line with the Pluto-Neptune movements, I shall try to be as concise as possible, gathering the details in an index at the end of the page, The index is a simple collection of the examples cited in P. Jenkins' Historical ephemeris connected with the synchronous aspect of the planets. In this study I have intentionally ignored Uranus, Chiron and Saturn, in order to concentrate on the mutual interaction of Neptune and Pluto exclusively. I believe that the study of the index establishes my view of the planetary duo Neptune-Pluto as pillars of human economy:

A. Most economic issues appeared or were accelerated in a time period when a Neptune-Pluto aspect was active.
B. Out of 80 upshots only 12 with no aspects contain major economic facts, for example the 1132-1148 CE period when: * FRANCE: Henry I grants urban charters, supporting artisans & merchants & urban growth, EUROPE: Vladislav II of Bohemia (1140-73) (establishment of towns, bourgeoisie, trades, succession), BYZANTIUM: attempts to cultivate Venetian trade & alliance go wrong alienating Venice, is less important than the following one 1150-1152 when, under a Neptune-Pluto opposition: EUROPE: rise of larger European trade fairs, rise of the Craft Guilds, Rebuilding of German town Lübeck-origin of Hansa League according to historians, First German Hansa trading ports at Wisby, Gotland & Luebeck, AMERICAS: Manco Capac, first great Inca, establishes Inca Culture, at Cuzco, Peru.
Or the years 1412-1442 when: INDIA: droughts bring famine in N India, ITALY: the Medicis of Florence become papal bankers (rise of large European banking houses), AFRICA: acceleration of European trading & plundering in W Africa (for slaves & gold), with no aspects, are less important than 1450-1484 when, under a sextile: 1450 *AFRICA: European slave trade begins, EUROPE: General economic recovery & upswing, 1454 S AMERICA: yellow fever wipes out much of Mayan culture, 1455 N AMERICA: depopulation & decline of Mississippian temple-cities, 1468 N EUROPE: slow decline of Hansa League (trade shifts to Atlantic, Baltic powers grow), 1473 MEDITERRANEAN: Cyprus taken over by Venice (for trading advantage in NE Mediterranean), 1484 BRITAIN: Richard III K of England (1483-5) (reforms law, taxation & trading rules in England). 
C. A continuously repeated Neptune-Pluto trine from 1215 to 1298 ended Medieval times leading the West into the Renaissance. From King John's MAGNA CARTA (permitting aristocratic oligarchy in England) to the start of Houses of Lords & Commons in England (1298) changes are probed all over the word: 1221-31 ASIA: Mongol invasions close Silk Roads, Eurasian traffic moves to Arabian sea lanes, 1238 N AMERICA: Zenith of Mississippian Culture (riverine trading temple-cities), 1239 RUSSIA: Aleksander Nevsky beats attacking Swedes at Neva (Russian national growth), 1252 IBERIA: Castile becomes strong under Alfonso X the Wise (1252-84), 1255 EUROPE: founding of Prague and Stockholm as cities (medieval Euro trade & culture network), first Hansa League formed by Luebeck, Hamburg, Wismar, Rostock, 1260 CHINA: Kublai, Great Khan (1260-94) establishes social welfare, road building, post services in China, etc.
D. A second trine from 1713 to 1792 formed the liberal economic system. From the Treaty of Utrecht, when British gained in colonies & monopoly of slave trade, to 1792, when Denmark was the first nation to abolish that trade, the establishment of British empire, the American and French Revolutions, Potemkin's New Russia, the introduction of first banknotes in England (1718) and the US$ (1787) are only a few markings of a period that gave birth to industrial revolution and capitalism. Napoleon's wars sealed this second period of economic globalization which was revived with the Congress of Vienna (1815) under a Neptune-Pluto square and continued with the mass emigrations to the USA under a Neptune-Pluto sextile.
E. Someone could object that, while the outbreak of World War I happened under a Neptune-Pluto semi-sextile, the WW II began without aspects between the two planets. Yet, it is generally accepted the Second War was nothing but a suite of the first. Both, by weakening Europe, made the USA the super power of today.

Conclusion
 
   A Neptune-Pluto sextile from Sagittarius-Libra was at work from the end of World War II to 1998, during which we have seen the World Bank (1945) and the European Union (1957) founded, the Communist victory in China and the fall of the Iron Curtain, the rise and fall of Asian "tiger economies". The global economic uncertainty which we are in is inevitable in a world where the internationalizing of finances has grown almost to cult proportions. The sextile will be revived in 2013 through Pisces-Capricorn and accelerated from 2024 to 2034 in Aries-Aquarius. This means for me that capitalism hasn't yet told its last word. What this world will be is a matter of study which will take into consideration the other slow moving planets.

---------------------------------------------------------------------

INDEX connecting historical events with Neptune-Pluto aspects. 

BCE

1. SEXTILE from Capricorn-Pisces, 624 Greece: Athenian reform under Dracon (expanding trade, rise of middle class, peasant bondage).
2. NO ASPECT, 594 Greece: Athenian Solon (640-560) (currency & social reform, law code, statesmanship).
3. CONJUNCTION in Taurus, 575 China: agricultural transformation (iron implements, use of oxen, irrigation, organization).  
4. SEXTILE from Cancer-Virgo, 522 Persia: Darius I organizes provincial empire from Nile to Indus (taxes, currency).
5. SEXTILE from Leo-Libra, 509 Greece: Tyrant Cleisthenes' democratic reforms in Athens (Greek democracy starts).
6. SEXTILE from Capricorn-Pisces, 438 Greece: consecration of the Parthenon (peak of Athenian grandeur).
7. SQUARE from Aquarius-Taurus, 412 China: Ever-Normal Granary (a social security system, by King Wen of Wei).
8. QUINCUNX from Virgo-Aries, 356 China: building of the first wall against Mongolian nomad incursions, minister Shang Yang organizes,  officialdom, law & agriculture in China.
9. OPPOSITION from Scorpio-Taurus, 336 Rome: first use of coinage in Rome. 330 Middle-east: Alexandrian Empire established.
10. SEMISQUARE from Cancer-Scorpio, 227 Greece: Cleomenes III reactivates communistic reforms in Sparta.
11. SESQUIQUADRATE from Cancer-Scorpio & Cancer-Sagittarius, 221 China: Unification & Standardization by Chinese modernist emperor Shi Huang-Ti (221-09), 214 building of earthen Great Wall, roads & canals.
12. SEMISQUARE from Aquarius-Aries, 119 China: debasement of currency, sale of posts & pardons to raise funds.
13. CONJUNCTION in Taurus, 86 China: Chao Ti, Han Emperor repeals corrupt fund-raising practices by Han Dynasty, 83 Britain: coinage first introduced in Britain.

CE

1. NO ASPECT, China: Wang Mang nationalizes all land; change of status for slaves; tax reform.
2. SEMISQUARE from Sagittarius-Scorpio, China: establishment of price controls & mercantile regulations.
3. SEXTILE from Pisces-Capricorn, 58 China: Emperor Ming Ti, Chinese maritime trading throughout Asia.
4. TRINE from Leo-Aries, 116 Rome: economic difficulties from huge expense of military operations in Middle East & Europe.
5. OPPOSITION from Scorpio-Taurus, 165 Europe: major population reductions as result of epidemics, with, resulting economic decline, 166 China: traders from Rome reach Tonkin by sea, S. America: zenith of influential Mochica metalworking period (Peru).
6. NO ASPECT, 213 Rome: debasement of currency and spiraling of inflation.
7. TRINE from Virgo-Capricorn, 300  Britain: peak of building of towns, roads, villas and works by Romano-British (300-350), 301 Rome: price controls against inflation, uprisings suppressed, borders secured.
8. SQUARE from Sagittarius-Pisces, 334  Britain: Romanized Britain leading W. Europe in artisanry & industry (prosperity & security).
9. SQUARE from Gemini-Pisces, 582 China: Sui Dynasty institutes examined mandarin system, Imperial Canal, rebuilds Great Wall, reforms.
10. TRINE from Leo-Aries, 605 China: opening of the Grand Canal at Loyang (built by a million laborers), major public works, including Yangtze-Huang Ho canal, Great Wall.
11. OPPOSITION from Scorpio-Taurus, 661 Umayyad Dynasty, Unique monetary system, based on the golden dinar in Arab territories.
12. SESQUIQUADRATE from Aquarius-Cancer, 700 W. Africa: rise of gold-trading Ghanaian kingdom, 701 Japan: 'Taiho' codification of law (Emperor becomes sole owner of land, heredity prevails).
13. SEMISQUARE from Capricorn-Sagittarius, 764 W. Africa: increase in trans-Saharan trade (gold, salt, slaves) and rise of rich trading towns.
14. TRINE from Libra - Aquarius, 800  China: provincial capitals grow in strength; migrations to Yangtze valley; boom in trade, Africa: state of Luba (Zaire) at zenith of development (source of later C. African cultures),  Islam: Zenith of Abbasid Caliphate of Bagdad under Harun al Rashid, Europe: Charlemagne crowned Holy Roman Emperor in Rome: Holy Roman Empire begins, final separation between East & West empires and Churches; Carolingian links with Arabs, 803 Europe: independence of Venice (to become wealthy trading city) recognized by Byzantium, 805 C. America: beginning of decline in southern Mayan building, science & trade (Guatemala), 809 E. Africa: Kilwa Kisiwani and other trading towns founded along E African coast.
15. NO ASPECT, 846 Middle-east: Viking traders reach Baghdad.
16. SEMISEXTILE from Aries-Taurus, 881 Eurasia: widespread famine in many lands (weather conditions).
17. SEXTILE from Libra-Leo & Scorpio-Virgo & Sagittarius-Libra, 968 Egypt: 600,000 die in Egyptian famine (Nile drought), 980  Europe: growth of trading cities: Venice, Genoa, London, Antwerpen, Paris, Marseilles, Mainz, 984 E. Africa: settlement by Arab & Persian traders on E coast of Africa (Dar-es-Salaam, Zanzibar), France: regular famines & shortages (to 1059) bringing Millennial fears, 987 Europe: 120 day great winter freeze in W. Europe.
18. NO ASPECT, 1006 China: granaries established for emergency relief of peasants (by Sung emperor).
19. SQUARE from Gemini-Pisces, 1068 China: Shen Tsung, Emperor of China (1068-86, tax centralization, reform & trade).
20. TRINE from Leo-Aries, 1101 China: Sung Hui Tsung (1101-25) reintroduces reforms of Shen Tsung, 1105 Germany: beginning of colonization of forested unpopulated E. Germany & Poland by German peoples.
21. SESQUIQUADRATE from Virgo-Aries, 1115 Europe: deadly winter, harvests hit.
22. NO ASPECT, 1132 France: Henry I grants urban charters, supporting artisans & merchants & urban growth, 1140 Europe: Vladislav II of Bohemia (1140-73) (establishment of towns, bourgeoisie, trades, succession), 1148 Byzantium: attempts to cultivate Venetian trade & alliance go wrong alienating Venice.
23. OPPOSITION from Scorpio-Taurus & Sagittarius-Gemini, 1150 Europe: rise of larger European trade fairs, 1158 Europe: rise of the Craft Guilds, 1159 Rebuilding of German town Lόbeck, origin of Hansa League according to historians, 1161 First German Hansa trading ports at Wisby, Gotland & Luebeck, 1152 Americas: Manco Capac, first great Inca, establishes Inca Culture, at Cuzco, Peru.
24. NO ASPECT, 1176 Byzantium: Manuel I detains all Venetian traders; trade privileges renewed, 1174 Holly Roman Empire: Frederick Barbarossa buys Sardinia, Corsica, Tuscany & Spoleto.
25. TRINE from Aries-Leo etc, 1215 Britain: King John signs Magna Charta (permitting aristocratic oligarchy in England), 1221 Europe: Pope surrenders 'Regalia' (markets, coinage, customs, legal autonomy) to Holly Roman Empire princes, C. America: end of Toltecs in Chichen Itza - conquest by Mayapan Mayans, 1222 Powers & feudal privileges of nobility increase in Hungary (Golden Bull), Andreas II creates laws, rights, protection & national assembly, Germany: Common Law, landowning & feudal laws recorded by von Repkow in 'Sachsenspiegel', German colonization of towns & lands in E Europe reaching peak Italy: Holly Roman Empire re-organization of S. Italy (administration, taxation, law codification, 1221-31), Asia: Mongol invasions close Silk Roads, Eurasian traffic moves to Arabian sea lanes, 1227 Scandinavia: Battle of Bornhoeved, Danish Waldemar II loses all territorial gains (Baltic trade grows) ,  1231 Germany: founding of Berlin; alliance of Hamburg & Luebeck (birth of Hansa League), 1232 Asia: Ugudei Khan completes conquest & organization of N China, Samarkand & Persia, 1235 Britain: plague & famine in England (20,000 die in London alone), 1238 W. Africa: ascendancy of Mali, led by Sundiata Keita (gold wealth, trans-Saharan trade), 1238 N. America: Zenith of Mississippian Culture (riverine trading temple-cities, Mississippi), 1239 Russia: Alexander Nevsky beats attacking Swedes at Neva (Russian national growth), 1248 Mediterranean: expansive trading Genoa (rival to Venice) conquers Rhodes, 1249 Italy: growing commercial rivalry leads to long war between Venice & Genoa (1253-99), W. Africa: Malinke becomes the dominant gold-trading state of W. Africa, 1250 Scandinavia: Folkunga Birger Jarl, King of Sweden (1250-66) (builds towns, establishes trade, laws),  1252 Iberia: Castile becomes strong under Alfonso X the Wise, 1252-84, growth of towns & learning, 1253 E. Europe: Ottokar II K of Bohemia (1253-1278) (expansion & prosperity, 60 German towns established), England: linen first made 1255 Europe: founding of Prague and Stockholm as cities (medieval European trade & culture network), N. Europe: first Hansa League formed by Luebeck, Hamburg, Wismar, Rostock.
26. NO ASPECT, 1258 Asia: Mongols overcome Abbasid Caliphate (fall of Baghdad & Damascus as great cities), Britain: establishment of the House of Commons at Westminster, by Provisions of Oxford 1260 China: Kublai, Great Khan (1260-94) establishes social welfare, road-building, post services in China.
27. TRINE from Libra-Aquarius, 1290 Eurasia: Expansion of trade & cultural relations across Eurasia (1290-1340) big stable empires, Britain: expulsion of Jews from England (jealousy over trading & money-lending rights), 1294 N. Europe: Hanseatic League of trading cities consolidates, with Luebeck as leading city, 1297 Genoese defeat Venetians in a sea battle (rivalry for Mediterranean trading primacy), 1298 Britain: Parliament gains legislative initiative, right of taxation; Houses of Lords & Commons started.
28. NO ASPECT, 1315 Europe: disease & famine reduces population of C & W.Europe by 10%.
29. SQUARE from Sagittarius-Pisces, 1319 India: Delhi Sultanate at zenith (trade, textiles, taxation, cosmopolitan), 1325  Americas: Arrival of Aztecs in Valley of Mexico, Tenochtitlan founded (military & trading power), China: famine kills 8 million people.
30. NO ASPECT 1333 China: great famine kills 6 million people (1333-7) 1341 Asia: Black Death (bubonic plague) starts on large scale in Asia, 1343  Eurasia: general disaster and major shrinkage of population; trade & internationalism die.
31. SEXTILE from Aquarius-Aries, 1348-1350 Europe: Black Death in Europe (killing 25 million people in four years in Europe alone), 1355:'The Desolation': end of small villages, agrarian population moves to towns after Black Death.
32. SEMISEXTILE from Aries-Taurus, 1374 N. Europe: zenith of the Hansa League as political & trading power, S. India: Zenith of Hindu State of Vijayanagar.
33. CONJUNCTION in Gemini, 1399 China: great drainage & irrigation, reforestation & re-population works by Ming Dynasty, Cheng Tsu, Emperor (1403-24), overseas trade expeditions.
34. NO ASPECT, 1412 India: droughts bring famine in N. India, 1414 Italy: the Medici of Florence become papal bankers (rise of large European banking houses), 1433-1442 Africa: acceleration of European trading & plundering in W. Africa (for slaves & gold).
35. SEXTILE from Libra-Leo etc, 1450 Africa: European slave trade begins, Europe: General economic recovery & upswing, 1454 S. America: yellow fever wipes out much of Mayan culture, 1455 N. America: depopulation & decline of Mississippian temple-cities, 1468 N. Europe: slow decline of Hansa League (trade shifts to Atlantic, Baltic powers grow), 1473 Mediterranean: Cyprus taken over by Venice (for trading advantage in NE Mediterranean), 1484 Britain: Richard III K of England (1483-5) (reforms law, taxation & trading rules in England).
36. NO ASPECT, 1491 N Europe: contraction of Hansa League (overseas offices & warehouses close), 1495 Holly Roman Empire: Diet of Worms, law and tax reforms in Germany, 1503 Africa: Portuguese colonize Zanzibar as trading station, 1504 Britain: Henry VII places Guilds & Companies under state supervision, 1505 India Ocean: Portuguese establish trading posts in East Africa and explore Ceylon, 1506 Germany: spices from East Indies first imported to Europe, 1510 S. America: transatlantic slave trade begins - Portuguese take slaves to Brazil, 1511 SE Asia: Portuguese take emporium of Malacca, to dominate trade in the Far East, E Europe: Poland establishes serfdom, 1515 Asia: Portuguese gain mastery of trade with East by taking Hormuz (Persia), Britain: laws made against enclosure of common land (against big landowners).
37. SEXTILE from Pisces-Capricorn & Aries Aquarius, 1530 Benelux: Antwerpen Exchange founded 1534 S. America: first African slaves in New World landed in Brazil (beginning of transatlantic slave trade).
38. NO ASPECT, 1557 China: Portuguese establish Macao, China, as the first Euro-Chinese trading post, Europe: economic problems, state bankruptcy in Spain & France, 1558 Britain: economist Gresham proposes reform of English currency, Germany: Hamburg Exchange founded in free city of Hamburg, 1559 Portuguese begin sugar plantations in Brazil, S. America: smallpox epidemic in Brazil kills millions of Indians.
39. SQUARE from Gemini-Pisces, 1565 Atlantic: Spaniards establish major convoys to carry valuable goods across Atlantic, 1568 S. America: typhoid fever, brought by Europeans, kills millions of Indians, 1570 Japan: Nagasaki opens to trade with Portuguese; Ports carry forbidden Chinese goods, Britain: major economic growth in England under Elizabeth I.
40. NO ASPECT, 1575 Iberia: Spanish state goes bankrupt 1577 Britain: setting up of trading companies to cover different parts of the World 1584 Ottomans: econ inflation, rising population & shrinking economy slowly erode Ottoman Empire, 1586 Britain: bad harvests & food shortages in England.
41. TRINE from Leo-Aries, 1590 Germany: Coal mining begins in Ruhr valley (prelude to industrial revolution), 1591 S. America: Spanish American colonies at peak of growth, prosperity and influence, 1594 India: English trader Lancaster breaks Portuguese trade monopoly in India, 1596 N Europe: rivalry between Hansa League (Baltic trading cities) & English traders, 1599 France: reforms of economy, taxation, trade and farming by minister Duke of Sully.
42. NO ASPECT, 1600 W. Europe: foundation of English & Dutch (1602) East India Companies (opening Eastern contacts), 1602 SE Asia: English establish trading station at Bantam, Java (spice trade), 1604 Europe: Trade treaty between England & France.
43.  SESQUIQUADRATE from Virgo-Aries, 1606 France: large-scale program of road-building & public works embarked upon, 1607 Europe: national bankruptcy in Spain causes failure of Bank of Genoa, 1608 Benelux: first use of checks in Holland, 1609 Europe: Dutch East India Co brings tea to Europe from China.
44. QUINCUNX from Libra-Taurus, 1619 SE Asia: foundation of Batavia (Jakarta) by Dutch: beginning of Dutch East Indies.
45. NO ASPECT, 1630 Atlantic: Dutch seize Portuguese bases in W Africa, Angola & Brazil (cutting Port trade), 1631 India: famines & floods kill 100,000 in N India, 1634 India: English settle Cochin, Malabar, and open trading station in Bengal.
46. OPPOSITION from Scorpio-Gemini, 1641 SE Asia: Dutch capture Malacca from the Portuguese (for control of East India trade), Britain: cotton products start to be made in Manchester (seed of industrial revolution), 1642 Britain: income & property taxes introduced 1649 Europe: Commonwealth declared; business interests favored.
47. NO ASPECT, 1654 S America: Portuguese drive Dutch out of Brazil; sugar trade continues through Amsterdam, Anglo-Swede trading accords, 1655 World: Beginning of major expansion of English colonialism and economic expansion, 1656 Italy: famine & plague kills 400,000, 1658 N Europe: Sweden begins circulation of banknotes 1661, India: widespread famines, 1668 India: Bombay under control of British East India Co (rise of Engecon influence in India), 1669 N Europe: last congress of the Hanseatic League (end of a medieval trading confederation).
48. QUINCUNX from Aquarius-Cancer, 1672 Britain: economic problems in England; Crown payments stopped for one year.
49. NO ASPECTS, 1681 Britain: checks brought into use, 1682 Benelux: weaving factory established in Amsterdam, with 100 looms (prelude to industrial revolution).
50. SESQUIQUADRATE from Pisces-Cancer, China: ports opened to foreign trade; English establish trade between India & China, Britain: England receives many Huguenots, bringing with them textile industries.
51. SESQUIQUADRATE from Pisces-Leo, 1692 Britain: Bank of England established in London, creation of National Debt.
52. NO ASPECTS, 1695 Britain: taxes on windows & salt, and new coinage in England; Royal Bank of Scotland founded, 1699 Billingsgate market opened, 1702 Europe: serfdom abolished in Denmark.
53. TRINE from Taurus-Virgo etc, 1713 Europe: Treaty of Utrecht: British gain 30-year monopoly of slave trade (peak of slaving in Africa), 1716 France: Scottish economist John Law establishes Banque Generale & Mississippi Company,1718 Britain: first banknotes in England, 1720 W. Europe: 'South Sea Bubble' collapse (GB); French national bankruptcy, 1724 France: Paris Bourse opens, W Africa: growth of kingdom of Dahomey (supported by European slave traders), 1727 S. America: coffee first planted in Brazil, 1731 Britain: emigration prohibited for factory workers, zinc-smelting introduced, 1736 Britain: India rubber arrives, Huntsman makes cast steel, 1738 Wyatt invents the roller loom for large-scale spinning, 1742 Canal building in Germany (Elbe-Havel); cotton factories in Birmingham & Lancashire, 1748 Platinum brought to Europe from S. America, 1753 Austria: Vienna Stock exchange founded, 1755, Iberia: disastrous earthquake in Lisbon; major reconstruction & new industries follow, 1760 Japan: widespread peasant uprisings (against Tokugawa inefficiency & corruption), 1764 N. America: British tax American colonies (Sugar Act & Stamp Act), Europe: confiscation of Church lands in Russia, 1765 Austria: Joseph II, co-regent of Austria (1765-80) with Maria Theresa (bringing wide reforms), N. America: Stamp Act Congress in New York challenges British (declares rights & liberties), 1769 Europe: Industrial Revolution growing (fostered by international free trade, civil liberties, technological development), 1770  Britain: canal-building period, 1771 Arkwright opens first spinning mill, 1772 slaves become free on landing in England, 1774 N. America: first Continental Congress of Thirteen Colonies (Philadelphia), suspends trade with Britain, 1775 America: American Revolution, Britain: 1st banks' clearing house, City of London, 1776 N. America: American Declaration of Independence, Adam Smith (1723-90) "Wealth of Nations", 1780 Austria: Joseph II (1780-90); serfdom abolished, 1782 N. America: Bank of N. America established, 1783 E Europe: Russia annexes Crimea; Potemkin's 'New Russia' (establishment of new towns, trade, navy),N. America: Treaty of Versailles: Britain recognizes American independence Japan: famine in Japan (weather plus political obstruction), 1784 Britain: Pitt's India Act (basis for later British rule of all India), 1787 USA: Constitutional Convention establishes US constitution (World's first modern democracy); US$ introduced, 1788 France: public bankruptcy leads to elections and call for limited monarchy & democracy,  China: Manchu decline (economic & agricultural difficulties), 1789 France: French Revolution: abolition of feudal system and proclamation of 'Rights of citizen, emigration of nobility, establishment of city Communes, army dissolved, econ breakdown, violence,  Britain: spread of power-driven manufacturing (work-mechanization, flight from countryside), 1790 China: beginning of opium trade by foreign powers, 1791 Germany: World's first general strike 1792 Scandinavia: Denmark first nation to abolish slave trade.
54. NO ASPECT, 1798 Britain: 10% income tax on incomes over £200 introduced, 1800 Robert Owen buys New Lanark mills (setting new social & industrial standards), 1803 USA: Louisiana Purchase nearly doubles size of USA, 1806 Europe: Napoleon establishes Continental System at Berlin (abolition of serfdom, establishment of law, central control, education, trade control) Napoleon bans trading with Britain - Britain in crisis, turns to seas & colonies, 1807 British empire: slave trade abolished within empire, 1810 Britain: economic crisis from loss of European markets (unemployment & famine), Russia: econ difficulties cause Russia to leave Continental System, (opening to Brit influence).
55. SQUARE from Sagittarius-Pisces, 1815 Europe: Congress of Vienna (Metternich's work) creates new European order, Britain: Corn Laws passed (against imported grain, anti-free trade, widespread price rises), 1816 Europe: downward business trends (1815-20) (unemployment, poverty, wages falling), 1817 Ideas: David Ricardo at work (on liberal capitalism), 1818 Germany: repression of liberal-nationalist movements in Germany, 1819 SE Asia: British (Lord Raffles) found Singapore as a free trade port, Americas: USA buys Florida from Spain, Britain: 'Peterloo Massacre’ of workers; Six Acts (censorship & restricted rights of assembly).
56. NO ASPECT, 1822 W. Africa: Liberia founded as a colony for freed slaves (upswing of anti-slavery movement), 1824 Britain: local trades unions & assembly permitted 1825  Europe: Industrial Revolution starts in Belgium, Holland, France, Switzerland, 1826 Germany: commercial treaty between Prussia & Mecklenburg fuels idea, of German Customs Union, 1828  China: opium imports into China reach excess proportions (draining economy, rotting society), 1833 Germany: formation of German Zollverein (customs union) (first step to unification)Britain: Factory Act (working conditions), Poor Laws (municipal reform), abolition of slavery in empire, 1837 USA: financial panic in USA (speculation, high land values); strife over slavery (Gag Law).
57. SEXTILE from Aquarius-Aries, 1840 N. America: mass immigrations to USA start (Germans, Irish, Swedes), 1842 China: UK annexes Hong Kong (foreign powers gain ports & privileges), S. America: Pedro II (1831-89) (interior colonization, European immigration, plantation exports), 1844 Chinese-American peace-trade treaty, Britain: Rockdale Pioneers (first consumers' coop) & YMCA (soc services in slums) founded, 1845 Ireland: Great Famine (1m die, hostility against England, mass emigration to USA), Ideas: Engels' "Condition of the Working Class in England", 1846 Britain: repeal of Corn Laws (moving toward free trade, triumph of industrialists' lobby), Europe: economic crisis (potato blight, overproduction, unemployment, low profits, bankruptcy), 1847 USA: California Gold Rush starts (opening up California), W. Africa: Liberia becomes independent (established for freed American black slaves), Britain: Factory Act restricts working hours of women & children, 1848 Europe: Revolution in most States (bringing changes, unsuccessful, leading to new realism, new bourgeois fear of radicals, emigration, re-establishment of control & economic endeavor, later dissent, Ideas: "Communist Manifesto" issued by Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels.
58. NO ASPECT, 1850 Germany: Industrial Revolution starts, 1851 China: agrarian reforms in China.
59. SEMISQUARE from Pisces-Taurus, 1856  Ottomans: conquest by western capital (foreign debt, imports, change, bankruptcy 1875), 1857 Germany: economic crisis (business demands privileges & unification, Europe: financial crises everywhere (speculation in US railroad shares, many collapses).
60. NO ASPECT, 1860 China: Treaty of Peking (establishment of European embassies, opening of trade & missions, Russian border established), Russia: emancipation of Russian serfs; 1862 USA: Homestead Law facilitates new land claims (opening of the West, detriment of Indians).
61. SEMISQUARE from Aries-Taurus, 1865 USA: end of Civil War: slavery abolished Europe: First International Britain: Britain considers abandonment of all African colonies (after end of slave trade), 1866 Britain: 'Black Friday', London Stock Exchange crash, 1867 Ideas: Marx publishes "Das Kapital", 1868 Britain: establishment of Trades Union Congress (TUC) (1st national union organization), S. America: Pres Sarmiento (1868-74) (education, immigration, growth, railways), 1869 Mediterranean: Suez Canal opens.
62. NO ASPECT, 1871 France: uprising of the Paris Commune (rules 2 months, fails, 30,000 people killed), 1873 Europe: financial crises throughout Europe, panics in Vienna & NY; Deutschmark adopted in Ger, India: widespread famine in Bengal 1875 N Africa: Disraeli buys Suez Canal Co shares (British control of sea route, Egyptian bankruptcy), 1880 Europe: Industrial Revolution starts in Sweden & Russia (also emigration to USA),  World: Zenith of high Capitalism (1880-1914), 1883 World: abolition of slavery in Span colonies, 1886 USA: establishment of American Federation of Labor (AFL) by Samuel Gompers.
63. CONJUNCTION in Gemini, 1888 Europe: 2nd International established in Paris, 1890 Germany: big industry concentrated in large corporations (AEG, Krupp, Siemens, IG-Farben, Stumm etc), 1891 Russia: construction of trans-Siberian railway begun; famine in Russia, 1892  Russia: modernization & industrialization under Count Witte ("hotbed of capitalism", peasant hardship), USA: economic & industrial growth (tycoons Carnegie, Rockefeller, Vanderbilt, Morgan, Astor), 1893  World: large scale emigration from Europe (Poland, Italy, Scandinavia) to USA, Australia, colonies, Innovation: Benz (Germany) & Ford (USA) construct their first motor cars, 1894 Britain: introduction of death duties (inheritance tax).
64. NO ASPECT, 1898 China: abortive 100 Days Reform; intrusion of capitalism; growth of new Chinese working class, 1902 S. America: Argentina gains Patagonia (develops as economic leader in S. America), USA: coal miners' strike (workers' movements grow), 1905 Russia: 1st Russian revolution (defused by pseudo-reforms & subversion), China: Kuomintang formed under Sun Yat-sen (for Chinese autonomy, democracy & econ rights), 1906 China: Britain agrees to cut opium trade, 1912 Britain: miners', dock & transport strikes; USA: textile workers' strikes (IWW).
65. SEMISEXTILE in Cancer & Leo-Cancer, 1913 USA: Federal Reserve System created, 1914 Europe: Outbreak of 1st World War, World: French & British annex German colonies except Ger E Africa; UK takes Egypt (Suez Canal), C. America: Panama Canal opens, 1915 USA: Pres W Wilson's 'New Freedom' (against corruption, trusts, protectionism & unfair taxes), 1916 USA expands in Caribbean (buying Danish & Dutch islands), 1917 Russia: October Revolution, 1917 John Law printed paper money exchangeable for mental coins.
66. NO ASPECT, 1921 USA: USA restricts immigration (maturing of nation); trade protectionism, stock-market boom, Germany: galloping inflation in Weimar Republic, 1922 USSR: formation of Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, 1923 USA: General Motors established (World's largest manufacturing company), 1925 Britain: Unemployment Insurance Act, 1926 Britain: general strike in Britain (against unemployment), 1927 Germany: 'Black Friday's collapse of economy, 1928 USSR: first Five Year Plan and collectivization of agriculture in USSR (command economy) S. America: collapse of Brazilian economy.
67. SEMISQUARE from Virgo-Cancer, 1929 World: Wall Street Crash precipitates World economic depression, 1931 Britain: Gold Standard abandoned (econ downfall); Europe: bank crises in Germany & Austria, 1932 USSR: 2nd Five Year Plan; famine, Japan: export price undercutting.
68. NO ASPECT, 1933 USA: Roosevelt's 'New Deal'; US abandons Gold Standard, 1935 C. America: land redistribution & oil nationalization in Mexico; USA: Social Security Act, 1937 Economic recession, Ford Foundation established, 1939 2nd World War begins;, USA: economic boom (war trade from Europe), 1941 USA begins lend-lease to Britain (end of British capital dominance in World).
69. SEXTILE from Libra-Leo etc, 1943 USA: race riots; wage, salary & price freeze (against inflation), 1945 World Bank founded (reconstruction & development), 1947 Europe: US Marshall Plan for economic reconstruction in Europe; Benelux customs union, 1948 E Europe: Communist takeover in Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary, 1949 China: Communist victory; People's Republic of China declared (Mao Tse-Dong, Chou En-lai), Britain: nationalization & establishment of 'welfare state', 1951 Pacific: Australia, NZ & USA sign Anzas Pact, 1952 Germany: economic revival, Germany joins World Bank, 1957 Europe: Treaty of Rome: Formation of European Community, 1959 Europe: EFTA, 1962 World: decline of 19th C industries (coal-based) & rise of Third World industry, 1966  China: Cultural Revolution (Red Guard, purges, forced reforms, 'words of Chairman Mao'), Britain: econ downfall & standstill 1971 USA: Departed from its reliance on gold as the universal basis of money (Nixon), 1973 World: major recession in World (oil prices & economic instability; decline of Euro-USA dominance), 1974 World: Worldwide econ inflation, Africa: drought & famine, 1983  World: internationalizing of finance grows almost to cult proportions (takeovers, junk-bonds), 1985 USSR: rise to power of Mikhail Gorbachev, perestroika & glasnost, 1987 USSR: Gorbachev starts major liberal reforms (social & economic restructuring & openness), World: 'Black Monday' Stock Market crash ends period of World economic growth & speculation 1988 SE Asia: ascendancy of the Asian 'tiger economies' 1989 Europe: Communist regimes topple in E Europe, World: Fall of Iron Curtain & Berlin Wall, 1990 World: global corporate power (Microsoft, News International, McDonalds, corporate takeovers), 1991 Russia: rapid end of USSR, Gorbachev & Communist party, rise of Yeltsin's Russia, with Western business invasion & growth of Russian business-mafia; Ukraine & Baltic states independent. 1992 Europe: European Union integration (Maastricht Treaty, harmonization, social & economic), 1994 China: rise of China as a World economic/manufacturing power, 1996 Asia: decline of Japan as economic power (loans crises, lack of reform, competition from Tiger economies), 1997 Asia: Asian Tiger economies' market crash (collapse of economies, social distress), 1998 World: global economic uncertainty (decline of Japan, econ crisis in SE Asia, Brazil, Russia).